Beginners Guide
Introduction
Welcome to the Beginner Guide for DocPad. By the end, you'll have all the knowledge necessary to create amazing powerful websites and applications with DocPad. You won't need any special training, and if you are a web developer then you'll already feel right at home.
For this guide we'll create a blog and explain step-by-step how it's done. A blog is just a listing of posts/articles as well as some pages. Posts are intended to allow regular new content, like status updates, to be published, whereas Pages are more permanent, usually providing general background information.
Great, let's get started! Oh, and if you ever get stuck, you have a question or need help, then jump onto any of our official support channels and we'll be right with you. Cheers!
Click the headings to proceed to the particular section.
Creating the Standard Project Structure
Before we get hacking away on content, we have to create our project and set it up with DocPad's standard structure. To do this, we'll run the following:
mkdir my-new-website
cd my-new-website
docpad init
docpad install serve
docpad runThe standard directory structure will be set up by the init command. Then we'll install the serve plugin so we have a web server to show our generated site. The subsequent run command will start the web server on http://localhost:9778, watch for changes, and regenerate the website when they occur. This runs in the foreground; you can stop it any time by pressing CTRL+C. (For the moment we'll keep it running.)
Note that when a new directory structure is set up it may be created with source/documents and source/files directories, rather than source/render and source/static. You should remove the documents and files directories and create render and staticdirectories in order to follow the new naming conventions.
Adding the Home Page
Let's create our first document; the Homepage for our website. Create the document source/render/index.html and give it the following content:
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome! | My Website</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome!</h1>
<p>Welcome to My Website!</p>
</body>
</html>Once you've saved it, open up http://localhost:9778 (or refresh if you already had it open) and you'll notice that DocPad has already regenerated your website and see the page we created rendered inside the browser. Fantastic!
At this point, if you're using revision control (such as Git), you may want to add the out/ directory to the list of files to ignore, since that should never be committed.
Adding the About Page and a Layout
Now that's done, we'll want to add our "About Me" page so that people browsing our website will know who we are. To do this, let's create a new document at source/render/about.html and give it the content:
<html>
<head>
<title>About Me | My Website</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>About Me</h1>
<p>I like long walks on the beach. <strong>Plus I rock at DocPad!</strong></p>
</body>
</html>Now if we go to http://localhost:9778/about.html, we'll be able to see that page in our browser. Awesome!
However, duplicating that layout information inside our Homepage and our About page is pretty redundant. For instance, if we wanted to change the contents of <head> to something else, then we'll have to change it in two places! This is where layouts come in.
Layouts wrap around our render files, so we can define the surrounding areas of a document only once. Let's move the wrapper stuff of our two render files into a new layout located at source/layouts/default.html.eco, so that we end up with the following:
<html> <head> <title><%= @document.title %> | My Website</title> </head> <body> <h1><%= @document.title %></h1> <%- @content %> </body> </html>--- title: "Welcome!" layout: "default" isPage: true --- <p>Welcome to My Website!</p>--- title: "About Me" layout: "default" isPage: true --- <p>I like long walks on the beach. <strong>Plus I rock at DocPad!</strong></p>
However, if you go to either the Homepage or the About page on our web server, you'll notice that their content is just the layout, and don't actually contain any of the document content. This is because we haven't installed the templating engine for our layout yet.
We've also added a new isPage attribute, this is our own custom attribute and has no special meaning in DocPad. However, we will give it special meaning later on when we add our menu listings :)
Installing the Templating Engine
Templating Engines allow us to embed abstractions inside our render files - which is why we have to use them for layouts, as a layout is an abstraction, an abstraction that wraps around a document and outputs the document's content in a specific way :)
For this guide, the templating engine we'll be using is eco and is available to us via the eco plugin. So let's install that now by quitting DocPad (CTRL+C), and running:
docpad install ecoOnce installed, if we run DocPad again (docpad run) and then go our Homepage or About page, we'll see that the content actually contains the document content. In other words, it has rendered correctly through our eco templating engine. Woot woot!
Now, why did we use <%= for the document's title, but <%- for the document's content? The reason for this is that <%= will escape the data we give it before outputting the data, which allows special characters to be interpreted as normal characters. On the other hand, <%- will output without performing any escaping, leaving special characters intact. So, why should we escape some things but not others? Generally, whenever the data we want to output is HTML (e.g., the document's content) we want to output it "as is", without any escaping. On the other hand, if we didn't escape document titles, titles such as 3 is > 2 would end up as <title>3 is > 2</title>, which is invalid HTML due to the superfluous closing element character, >. Thus, using escaping would result in <title>3 is > 2</title>, which uses the HTML entity code to represent the special character. This is valid HTML and looks exactly the same to the user :)
A note on Plugins
Even though we have chosen to use the Eco templating engine in this guide, there are plenty of others we could use too! We find Eco is very beginner-friendly, since it's the most like HTML. However, after experimenting with some of the others, you may find you'd like to use them instead. Adding support for a new templating engine, pre-processor, or whatever is as simple as installing the plugin for it.
DocPad also supports more than just templating engines, though. We have a whole range of different plugins to do all sorts of things, so be sure to check them out!
You can find the full listing of plugins we have on the Plugins page.
A note on Rendering
Now, the reason we can support multiple templating engines is because of the way DocPad renders things, file extension by extension. Thus, by creating the file default.html.eco, we can render from eco to html. Conversely, if we tried default.eco.html, we'd be trying to render from html to eco, which wouldn't actually be very useful or even possible. However, other combinations can be rendered in both directions, such as CoffeeScript to JavaScript and JavaScript to CoffeeScript, provided you have the right plugins installed. You can also mix and match extensions, such as default.html.md.eco, which renders from eco to md (markdown) and then md to html. This allows you to apply abstractions with eco to your markdown render files. Awesome! For now, though, it's way out of our scope, so let's get back on track!
A note on Meta Data
What on earth was with the stuff between the --- at the top of our render files? That stuff is our meta data. It is where we can define extra information about our document, such as its title, layout, date, whatever. You are not limited to what you can define here; it's up to you. However, there are some pre-defined properties that serve special purposes (such as layout, which we just used).
You can learn more about meta data and all the special properties on our Meta Data page.
Adding the Live Reload Plugin and Blocks
Adding the Live Reload Plugin
Sweet, so we're doing well so far! We've got two render files, and a layout to abstract them. As we are making changes, it sure would be nice if our browser refreshed the page automatically! We can do this with the Live Reload Plugin, so let's install that now:
docpad install livereloadOnce you've restarted DocPad, whenever you make a change to the files, you'll notice the browser still doesn't refresh automatically to show the changes! Why? The reason is that we have to add our Blocks.
Adding the Blocks
Blocks are a way for plugins and even ourselves to be able to easily add scripts, styles and meta elements to our pages. In the instance of the Live Reload Plugin, it needs the Script Block to be able to inject the needed scripts into the page that refresh the browser.
So to add the three default blocks to our layout, we'll update our default.html.eco layout to become:
<html>
<head>
<title><%= @document.title %> | My Website</title>
<%- @getBlock("meta").toHTML() %>
<%- @getBlock("styles").toHTML() %>
</head>
<body>
<h1><%= @document.title %></h1>
<%- @content %>
<%- @getBlock("scripts").toHTML() %>
</body>
</html>Saving that, and manually reloading our browser, we'll notice that our page now has the necessary scripts for the Live Reloaded Plugin automatically injected right where the scripts block has been output. Now if we make a change to any of the files, we'll notice the browser will automatically refresh. Amazing!
In the next part, we'll work with blocks some more by adding our assets to them.
Adding Assets
It's time to start adding some assets. Before proceeding with this section, please read the DocPad Overview Page so you know what each of the directories inside our website structure are for.
Images
Let's add our logo to our layout's header. We'll download the DocPad logo and place it in our static directory at source/static/images/logo.gif (binary files should always go in the static directory). Then, we'll add it to the body of our layout, to show our logo on each page:
<body>
<img src="/images/logo.gif" />
<h1><%= @document.title %></h1>
<%- @content %>
<%- @getBlock("scripts").toHTML() %>
</body>If you are downloading the file directory into the specified location, you may have to restart DocPad. We're working on this.
Stylesheets
Now let's make all of our h1 headers red, by adding a stylesheet file in our render directory at source/render/styles/style.cssthat contains:
h1 {
color: red;
}Then, to include it in our pages, we'll update the styles Block in our default.html.eco layout to:
<%- @getBlock("styles").add(["/styles/style.css"]).toHTML() %>Upon saving, we'll notice that our browser will automatically reload, and that our CSS file will be injected into the layout making our header red!
Scripts
Now let's add a nifty loading effect using JavaScript and the jQuery JavaScript Library. As always, there's plenty of other JavaScript Libraries you can use, but in this guide we'll go with jQuery.
To do this, we'll first download the jQuery library file and put it in our static directory at source/static/vendor/jquery.js.
The reason we use the static directory for vendor files is that it is extremely unlikely we'll ever want to render any vendor files, so having them there is a good choice for consistency and speed. Whereas, we will probably eventually want to render our own scripts and styles with something, so generally we'll just put them in the render directory to make the transition to rendering engines easier.
Now that we have included jQuery in our project, we'll add our nifty loading effect by adding a script file at source/render/scripts/script.js that contains:
(function(){
$("body").hide().fadeIn(1000);
})();Now that's done, let's add those files to our scripts Block in our default.html.eco layout:
<%- @getBlock("scripts").add(["/vendor/jquery.js","/schripts/script.js"]).toHTML() %>Upon saving, we'll notice that our content will fade in over a duration of two seconds. Nifty!
Now, some of you may wonder why we omitted the jQuery onDomReady handler in our script file. While off-topic for DocPad, the reasoning for this is that only code that requires the entire DOM to be loaded needs it. For instance, if your script requires a DOM element that is positioned after our script tag, then it would be useful.
In this instance, as we inject our scripts into our body element, we already have access to the body element, and therefore can start our fadeIn animation immediately. This avoids the page loading, then, the DOM loading after a delay, followed by our fade-in with an undesirable "popping" effect.
Getting the benefits of Pre-Processors
Pre-Processors are amazing things. They allow us to write render files in one language (the source language), and export them to a different language (the target language). This is extremely beneficial, as it allows you to use the syntax that you enjoy, instead of the syntax that you are sometimes forced to work with. Most importantly, however, pre-processors often offer more robust and clean functionality than the target language supports out of the box, allowing you to make use of modern development tools while still working with old languages.
Using Markdown, an HTML Pre-Processor
HTML's verbose syntax is terrible for writing content that is more text than markup (e.g., articles, comments, etc.). Fortunately, Markdown (one of the many HTML Pre-Processors available to us as Plugins) comes to the rescue!
Install the Marked Markdown Plugin by running docpad install marked.
Then, rename the About page we created earlier from (source/render/about.html) to (source/render/about.html.md), to indicate that we want to render from Markdown to HTML, and open it. Writing in Markdown, update its content (leave the existing meta data section as it is) to become:
I like long walks on the beach. **Plus I rock at DocPad!**Which gives us the same result, but with all the benefits of Markdown!
This simple procedure can be followed irrespective of your desired HTML pre-processor.
Sweet, you're now ready to party, Markdown-style! ;)
Using Stylus, a CSS Pre-Processor
Open the Stylesheet document we created earlier (source/render/styles/style.css). CSS really hasn't come that far over the years and, thus, it has absolutely no abstractions available to us, making it incredibly verbose and painful to write. Fortunately, Stylus (one of the many CSS Pre-Processors available to us) is our saviour!
Install the Stylus Plugin by running docpad install stylus.
Then, rename source/render/styles/style.css to source/render/styles/style.css.styl, to indicate we want to render from Stylus to CSS, and open it. The reason why we created the style file in render and not in static is now obvious: if the Stylus stylesheet file were in source/static/styles/ folder, it would not have been pre-processed before copying to out.
Using Stylus syntax, update the stylesheet's content to become:
h1
color: redWhich gives us the same result as before, but with all the benefits of Stylus.
This simple procedure can be followed irrespective of your desired CSS pre-processor.
Sweet, you're now ready to rock the house with Stylus!
Using CoffeeScript, a JavaScript Pre-Processor
Sometimes people can get quite irritated with JavaScript's verbosity, and very annoyed at its nit-picking, such as when they forget a single comma somewhere and their entire app breaks. Fortunately, CoffeeScript (one of the many JavaScript Pre-Processors available to us) restores our sanity!
Install the CoffeeScript Plugin by running docpad install coffeescript.
Then rename source/render/scripts/script.js to source/render/scripts/script.js.coffee, to indicate we want to render from CoffeeScript to JavaScript, and open it.
Using CoffeeScript, we can update our file's content to become:
$("body").hide().fadeIn(1000)Which gives us the same result, but with all the benefits of CoffeeScript.
This simple procedure can be followed irrespective of your desired JavaScript pre-processor.
Sweet! Now you're ready to relax, with a rich cup of CoffeeScript.
Adding some Template Data and Template Helpers via a Configuration File
Purpose of a Configuration File
The DocPad Configuration File allows us to configure our DocPad instance, listen to events and perform some nifty abstractions.
Consider the case where our document title is empty. With our current solution, the title of the page would be | My Website. A page title of My Website would look far better when our document doesn't have a title.
To handle this, we update our title code in our default.html.eco layout template to become:
<title><%= if @document.title then "#{@document.title} | My Website" else "My Website" %></title>Which would achieve the immediate goal, but then would mean that we would have to update the website title in two places if we want to use anything other than My Website. Considering this a common requirement, it would be nice if we could abstract it out, say, into a configuration file!
DocPad should have created an application-wide configuration file for us at docpad.coffee (in the project root) when we initialized the project. If not, let's create it, with the following contents:
# Define the Configuration
docpadConfig = {
# ...
}
# Export the Configuration
module.exports = docpadConfigNotice that the docpadConfig object is written in CoffeeScript's version of JSON.
You'll have to restart DocPad so that DocPad can become aware of the configuration file. From then on, DocPad will automatically reload your configuration when changes occur.
The first part of this configuration is where we actually define our configuration (where the # ... is located), and the second part is a Node convention for exporting data from one file to another. Whenever we add some configuration, you'll want to add it to the docpadConfig object we just defined.
For more information on configuration files and what configuration is available to your, refer to our Configuration Page.
Using TemplateData for Abstractions
Everything that is available to our templates is called Template Data. For instance, @document is part of our template data. To be able to abstract out something that our templates will use, we will need to extend our template data. We can do this by modifying our template data configuration property in docpad.coffee like so:
docpadConfig = {
templateData:
site:
title: "My Website"
}With that, our website title is now abstracted and we can update our title element in the default.html.eco template:
<title><%= if @document.title then "#{@document.title} | #{@site.title}" else @site.title %></title>However, if we really wanted to (and we probably do) we can abstract out that logic into a function inside our template data.
Abstracting Logic into Template Helpers
When using .coffee or .js files to define our Configuration File, we are allowed to define functions. Doing so allows us to use functions within our template data, which we call Template Helpers.
When calling a template helper, the scope of the template helper is exactly the same as the scope of whatever is calling it. This makes abstracting out logic really easy. Let's see what our object in docpad.coffee would look like:
docpadConfig = {
templateData:
site:
title: "My Website"
getPreparedTitle: -> if @document.title then "#{@document.title} | #{@site.title}" else @site.title
}And the title of our layout template, default.html.eco, would become:
<title><%= @getPreparedTitle() %></title>Now that is awesome! While this was a simple example, we can use it to do some really cool stuff. For instance, here is an example of it being used to localize dates into French.
If you're writing a plugin, you can use the extendTemplateData event to extend the template data.
Adding a Menu Listing for our Pages
Remember our About page? Wouldn't it be nice if, when we list more pages, our menu updates automatically? It sure would, so let's do that!
Updating our Layout
Open your default layout, and add the following before the h1:
<ul>
<% for page in @getCollection("html").findAll({isPage:true}).toJSON(): %>
<li class="<%= if page.id is @document.id then 'active' else 'inactive' %>">
<a href="<%= page.url %>">
<%= page.title %>
</a>
</li>
<% end %>
</ul>Save it, and BANG! Now we've got our navigation menu on each page! Wicked. So what does that do? Well first it uses the getCollection template helper to fetch the html collection, which is a pre-defined collection by DocPad that contains all the HTML documents in our website. Then, with that collection, we find everything that has a isPage attribute set to true. (We defined it earlier, when first applying our layout to our pages.) Then, we convert the result from a Backbone Collection / QueryEngine into a standard JavaScript Array using toJSON.
That's a bit of a mouthful, but give it a while and you'll be a pro in no time.
There is one major inefficiency with the above approach. Can you guess what it is?
Performing the query every single time we render a layout is a bit silly, as the results won't change each time. What we ought to do is query once and provide access to the results of our collection. Let's do it!
Creating Custom Collections via the Configuration File
Let's go back to our DocPad Configuration File (docpad.coffee) and open it up. This time we want to add the following:
docpadConfig = {
collections:
pages: ->
@getCollection("html").findAllLive({isPage:true})
}In our default layout, default.html.eco, we'll update the getCollection line to become:
<% for page in @getCollection("pages").toJSON(): %>Much better, and way more efficient.
Did you spot the difference with the call we used? When performing our query, we used the findAllLive instead of the findAll method. That's because findAllLive uses QueryEngine's Live Collections, which allows us to define our criteria once, and then continue to keep our collection up-to-date.
It works by creating a live child collection of the parent collection. (In this case, the html collection is the parent collection and our pages collection is the child collection.) The child collection then subscribes to the parent collection's add, remove, and change events, and tests the model that the event was for against our child collection's criteria. If it passes the collection, it adds it; if not, then it removes it. This performs much better than querying everything every single time.
So then, what about sorting? That's easy enough! We can sort by changing @getCollection('html').findAllLive({isPage:true}) to add a second argument, which is the sorting argument; @getCollection('html').findAllLive({isPage:true},[{filename:1}]) that, in this case, will sort by the filename in ascending order. To sort in descending order, we would change the 1 to become -1. Now we can sort by any attribute available on our models, which means that we could even add an order attribute to our document meta data and then sort by that if we wanted to.
There is also a third parameter for paging. To learn about this, as well as what type of queries are available to you, check out QueryEngine Guide.
Setting Default Meta Data Attributes for our Pages
Considering we'd probably like all our pages to use the default layout, we may be lazy enough to want to set this by default for all our pages, so we don't always have to add layout: default to the meta data of each page.
Just like everything, it's pretty darn easy, if you know how. And here's how:
docpadConfig = {
collections:
pages: ->
@getCollection("html").findAllLive({isPage:true}).on "add", (model) ->
model.setMetaDefaults({layout:"default"})
}So, what does this do? It's exactly the same as before, but we use the add event automatically fired by Backbone whenever a model (a page, file, document, whatever) is added to our collection. Then, inside our event, we say we want to set our default meta data attributes for the model; in this case, setting the layout to "default".
This is invaluable when doing more complex things in DocPad. For instance, we use it for this documentation, to allow us to base the navigation structure of our documentation files on their physical location in our file system. Thus, if we have a file docs/docpad/01-start/04-begin.html.md, we can detect that the project is docpad, and assign project: "docpad" to the meta data accordingly. As the section is "start" and it is order first, we set category: "start" and categoryOrder: 1. We also see that our file is begin and ordered 4th. This is just one nifty example. There's plenty more you'll discover on your own epic journey! :)
Adding the Blog Posts
As you now have all the tools and knowledge required to be able to create the blog post section, we've left that part as an exercise for you! We've done this to help you retain and make best use of all the awesomeness you've just learned.
If you need a few pointers to help you get started, here you go :)
Create a new layout called
postthat will use the default layout. Use it to perform custom styling for your blog post (e.g.,<div class="post"><%- @content %></div>).When creating your blog posts, we recommend giving them a
datemeta data attribute in the format ofdate: 2012-12-25, so you can sort your blog posts in descending date order.Create a new directory called
poststhat contains all of your blog posts, and use the queryrelativeOutDirPath: 'posts'for your custom collection in order to retrieve all documents in thepostsoutput directory (/my-new-website/out/posts). You can refer to the Meta Data Page for more information about the attributes already available to you.Create a new page called
posts.html.ecothat lists all your blog posts. This will be, more or less, the same as our navigation menu. If you would like to display descriptions of the blog posts, just add that as a meta data attribute for the blog posts, and then output that meta data attribute. If you want to show the rendered content of the data, you can usepost.contentRenderedWithoutLayouts. You can refer to the Meta Data Page for more information about the attributes already available to you.
If you're stuck and need some help, refer to available Support Channels via our Support Page.
Congratulations! You now possess all the foundations required to be able to write amazing and powerful web applications like those already in our Showcase. To recap, you now know how to:
write
renderfiles in any language, markup, pre-processor, templating engine, whatever you wish, by installing the necessary plugin for it and changing the extensions of the documentperform powerful abstractions using layouts, meta data, template data and configuration files
create incredibly efficient custom collections, filtered and sorted by your own criteria
do your own custom listings of content
But it doesn't stop there; these were just the foundations! If you can imagine it, then you will be able to accomplish it with DocPad. Really, there are no limits - that's why DocPad sets you free!
So, farewell and enjoy your epic journey. The power is yours!
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